Translate this page into:
The genetics of post-polio syndrome - much to be unravelled!
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
This article was originally published by Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Post-polio syndrome (PPS) affects 20-40 per cent of polio survivors and manifests as neuromuscular complications. The incidence, symptoms and severity of PPS vary and some patients are known to develop weakness, atrophy, fatigue, muscle and joint pain and other complications; however, the absence of its incidence or severity has also been reported in some polio survivors1. There have been reports that even non-paralytic polio patients succumb to PPS2.
The exact cause for PPS and reasons for the differences in its span are still unclear. The treatment generally focuses on reducing the symptoms and improving the quality of life3. An early diagnosis of PPS would be helpful in reducing the severity of PPS. There are no diagnostic tests for PPS available. It is difficult to identify who is more susceptible and or at a higher risk.
There has been an interest in analysing the genetic basis of infectious diseases recently45. Poliovirus has a common receptor known as poliovirus receptor (PVR) that belongs to immunoglobulin superfamily CD155, a poliovirus cell surface receptor which is located on chromosome 19q13.267. PVR gene polymorphism in patients with progressive muscular atrophy was reported by Saunderson et al in 20048. Later, Ala67Thr polymorphism in the PVR gene was reported to be a possible risk factor for the aetiology of poliomyelitis9. The heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Ala67Thr) in CD155 gene has been reported in healthy population (6.8 to 8.5%) and the incidence has been shown to be significantly higher in polio paresis (13.3%) and progressive muscular atrophy (20%) patients89. Nandi and colleagues10 in this issues have reported development of an SNP assay to detect the single nucleotide substitution (GCGaACG) in CD155/PVR gene. The assay seems to be suitable for large scale screening of PPS samples for identification of heterozygous SNP in the CD155/PVR gene10. However, the screening for PVR gene polymorphism (Ala67Thr) should be further confirmed on a large sample of PPS patients in different population groups in India. SNPs used are the most powerful tools for human genetic studies11. SNPs as genetic markers can be used to identify the inheritance patterns of chromosomal regions from generation to generation in human genetic diseases12.
It has been reported13 that a number of viruses produce chromosomal abnormalities in circulating lymphocytes during infections in humans (such as, measles virus, chicken pox and mumps viruses and hepatitis virus) with the first report being the chromosome breakage due to herpes simplex virus in culture14. However, these chromosomal abnormalities due to direct or indirect effects, as well as the immediate or delayed effects of viruses have not been completely understood. Bhattacharya et al15 reported a significant increase in chromosome aberrations in PPS patients than in controls showing a delayed effect of the poliovirus in humans. However, many questions still remain unanswered.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention16 reported a drop in the incidence of polio myelitis worldwide from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 407 in 2013, that is, more than 99 per cent decline in the reported cases. According to the global polio surveillance data (March 9, 2016)17, five wild poliovirus cases from Pakistan and one from Afghanistan were reported.
Although India has efficiently eradicated polio and 80 per cent of the world's people now live in polio-free areas, the increase in the prevalence of a polio-like condition known as acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) has been recorded18. Many cases of non-polio enteroviruses have also become common in infants and children19. It has been reported that Enterovirus 71 (EV 71) causes AFP and is linked to meningitis, encephalitis, hand, foot and mouth diseases19. Hence, the research needs to address whether the single nucleotide polymorphism (Ala67Thr) in CD155/PVR gene known to be utilized for screening PPS will also pick up AFP individuals or any motor neuron diseases or will it be specific for PPS alone? Further research analysis will provide characterization of human diversity at the nucleotide level and demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale screening of human SNPs.
Though the cytogenetic studies have shown a significant increase in the frequency of various chromosomal anomalies, the specific chromosome regions where rearrangements occurred have to be analysed in depth. This chromosome specific rearrangement could result in disease specific marker/probe for screening PPS. Ala67Thr polymorphism in PVR gene is known to occur in many motor neurons related diseases8. Therefore, a well designed study with a large sample size in other population groups is recommended using this SNP assay and the DNA sequencing method for validation. Further, a study related to the pattern of inheritance of the Ala67Thr polymorphism in the PPS families and a correlation between genotype-phenotype could be addressed at the cytogenetic and molecular levels.
References
- Survey results in process. Lincolnshire, 2006. Available from: http://www.poliosurvivorsnetwork.org.uk/archive/lincolnshire/library/bollenbach/bioloyg12.html
- 2014. Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Available from: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm
- Association of functional polymorphisms in the MxA gene with susceptibility to enterovirus 71 infection. Hum Genet. 2014;133:187-97.
- [Google Scholar]
- Cellular receptor for poliovirus: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cell. 1989;56:855-65.
- [Google Scholar]
- The polio virus receptor protein is produced both as membrane-bound and secreted forms. EMBO J. 1990;10:3217-24.
- [Google Scholar]
- A polymorphism in the poliovirus receptor gene differs in motor neuron disease. Neuroreport. 2004;15:383-6.
- [Google Scholar]
- Ala67Thr mutation in the poliovirus receptor CD155 is a potential risk factor for vaccine and wild-type paralytic poliomyelitis. J Med Virol. 2009;81:933-6.
- [Google Scholar]
- Assay for identification of heterozygous single-nucleotide polymorphism (Ala67Thr) in human poliovirus receptor gene. Indian J Med Res. 2016;144:38-45.
- [Google Scholar]
- Large-scale identification, mapping, and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Science. 1998;280:1077-82.
- [Google Scholar]
- Chromosome abnormalities in peripheral blood cells of post-polio patients in south Indian population. J Ecobiotechnol. 2010;2:1-5.
- [Google Scholar]
- Genotoxic assessment in peripheral blood lymphocytes of post-polio individuals using sister chromatid exchange analysis & micronucleus assay. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2011;30:636-48.
- [Google Scholar]
- CDC.Progress Toward Polio Eradication-Worldwide, 2013-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:468-72.
- [Google Scholar]
- Surveillance Systems to Track Progress Toward Polio Eradication-Worldwide, 2014-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:346-51.
- [Google Scholar]
- Eradicating poliomyelitis: India's journey from hyperendemic to polio-free status. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137:881-94.
- [Google Scholar]
- Non-polio enteroviruses, the neglected and emerging human pathogens: Are we waiting for the sizzling enterovirus volcano to erupt? Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad. 2015;81:447-62.
- [Google Scholar]
